Management of Hard Tissue Abnormalities and Digital Orthopaedics Using Additive Manufacturing Techniques

Abstract Additive manufacturing technologies are expected to disrupt the majority of traditional way methods, particularly in field medical and healthcare. Bones teeth vital organs that susceptible various disorders due environmental, traumatic, genetic factors inherent malignant disorders. Most implants/prostheses normally used cast have a standard size shape. has opened opportunities replace these hard tissues with customized implants, prostheses or whole additive manufactured organ itself while considering anatomical/structural parts functional aspects body. It helps visualize mimic internal organs/models, pre-planning via simulation, anatomical demonstration, treatments surgical teaching/training technical staff by professionals. The current review covers applications for possible treatment osteosarcoma, bone tumors, traumatic fracture, congenital anomalies, dental diseases, vertebral cranial abnormalities, etc. from toe head highlighting printing long bones, short cartilages, more based on general classification bones shape, is, external shape different some case studies. article also touched upon competitive edge over conventional methods terms complexity, easiness, cost-effectiveness reduced time. However, structures not been addressed so far which could be new corner enhance properties future.